Evidence reference only. Not medical advice, not a dosing guide, and not a recommendation to use any drug.
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Specific groups of people

32 findings across 5 drug records. Domain pages are descriptive indexes, not advice.

The grade rates how strong the evidence is, not how good or safe the drug is. A low or very-low grade means the evidence is thin, not that an effect is harmful or ruled out.

Most represented records

Semaglutide (11)

Tirzepatide (10)

GLP-1-based therapies, multi-agent (5)

Liraglutide (5)

Retatrutide (1)

Evidence spread

High evidence 18 Moderate evidence 10 Low evidence 4 Very low evidence 0

Semaglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Increase
Moderate evidence

In a PCOS RCT, adding semaglutide to metformin raised the natural pregnancy rate (35% vs 15%) in anovulatory women.

Semaglutide+metformin in PCOS (open-label RCT, n=100), Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2025 Source
PopulationPCOS open-label RCT (NCT not stated; Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2025): 100 overweight/obese women with PCOS (Rotterdam criteria), prospective randomised controlled open-label trial of semaglutide 1 mg weekly plus metformin vs metformin alone, 16 weeks.
Fundingacademic/government - Chinese government and institutional grants (Chongqing Health Commission/Science & Technology Bureau; NSFC; not industry)
Semaglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Decrease
Low evidence

In a matched real-world cohort, semaglutide pretreatment before fertility care was associated with reduced and delayed conception, with miscarriage unchanged.

Semaglutide pretreatment and fertility-care outcomes (PSM cohort), Reprod Biol Endocrinol... Source
PopulationPeer-reviewed primary (women's-health wave)
Fundingacademic / investigator (not separately extracted)
Semaglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Not directional
Low evidence

A measured human-milk PK study found subcutaneous semaglutide undetectable in breast milk, with a worst-case relative infant dose of 1.26% - converting the lactation...

Semaglutide human breast-milk transfer study (n=8), Nutrients 2024 Source
Full findingA measured human-milk PK study found subcutaneous semaglutide undetectable in breast milk, with a worst-case relative infant dose of 1.26% - converting the lactation question from never-measured to measured-negligible FOR SEMAGLUTIDE.
PopulationPeer-reviewed primary (women's-health wave)
Fundingacademic / investigator (not separately extracted)
Liraglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Increase
Moderate evidence

Liraglutide reversed obesity-related functional hypogonadism by restoring the HPG axis, unlike exogenous testosterone which suppresses it.

Liraglutide vs testosterone for obesity hypogonadism (open-label RCT, n=30), Endocr Conne... Source
PopulationPeer-reviewed primary (women's-health wave)
Fundingacademic / investigator - University Medical Centre Ljubljana grant P3-0298
Tirzepatide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Increase
Low evidence

In obese men with metabolic hypogonadism, tirzepatide improved erectile function and raised testosterone, outperforming testosterone replacement on axis recovery.

Tirzepatide on erectile function and hypogonadism (controlled non-randomised pilot, n=83)... Source
PopulationPeer-reviewed primary (women's-health wave)
Fundingacademic / investigator (not separately extracted)
Tirzepatide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Decrease
Low evidence

Tirzepatide was associated with lower incident erectile dysfunction than several comparators in T2D men.

Tirzepatide and incident erectile dysfunction (TriNetX cohort), J Diabetes Complications ... Source
PopulationPeer-reviewed primary (women's-health wave)
Fundingacademic / investigator (not separately extracted)
GLP-1-based therapies, multi-agent STATUS UNKNOWN
Specific groups of people Decrease
Moderate evidence

Pooled RCT data found GLP-1 RAs modestly lower total testosterone and BMI in obese PCOS women.

GLP-1 RA and androgens in PCOS (meta-analysis, 4 RCTs), J Diabetes Complications 2024 Source
PopulationPeer-reviewed primary (women's-health wave)
Fundingacademic / investigator - no industry sponsor disclosed
GLP-1-based therapies, multi-agent STATUS UNKNOWN
Specific groups of people No change
Moderate evidence

A broader PCOS RCT meta-analysis found GLP-1 RAs improve weight and insulin resistance but do NOT change circulating androgens.

GLP-1 RA in PCOS, broad androgen panel (meta-analysis), Sci Rep 2025 Source
PopulationPeer-reviewed primary (women's-health wave)
Fundingacademic-Guangxi colleges teacher research grant (2023KY0576)
GLP-1-based therapies, multi-agent STATUS UNKNOWN
Specific groups of people Decrease
Moderate evidence

A 2025 meta-analysis of 25 RCTs confirms a modest class-level benefit of GLP-1 RAs added to insulin in T1D (HbA1c about -0.23%, weight -3.9kg, insulin -5.7 U/day), but...

Rebelos E, Anastasiou IA, Tentolouris N, Karagiannis T, Tsapas A, Ferrannini E, Liakos A.... Source
Full findingA 2025 meta-analysis of 25 RCTs confirms a modest class-level benefit of GLP-1 RAs added to insulin in T1D (HbA1c about -0.23%, weight -3.9kg, insulin -5.7 U/day), but the pooled estimate is effectively liraglutide.
PopulationGLP-1 RA add-on T1D meta-analysis (Rebelos/Liakos et al., 25 RCTs, 3,224 patients; PMC12678461).
Fundingacademic/independent (Greek/Italian university authors; no manufacturer sponsor)
Comparatorsplacebo (insulin background)
GLP-1-based therapies, multi-agent STATUS UNKNOWN
Specific groups of people Decrease
Moderate evidence

A 2023 meta-analysis corroborates the modest class benefit and shows the HbA1c effect is essentially confined to liraglutide - exenatide, exenatide-ER and albiglutide...

Tan X, Pan X, Wu X, Zheng S, Chen Y, Liu D, Zhang X. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor ago... Source
Full findingA 2023 meta-analysis corroborates the modest class benefit and shows the HbA1c effect is essentially confined to liraglutide - exenatide, exenatide-ER and albiglutide had no significant glycaemic effect - underlining that 'class' is effectively liraglutide.
PopulationGLP-1 RA add-on T1D meta-analysis (Tan et al., 11 RCTs, 2,856 patients; PMC10797415).
Fundingacademic/government (Central South University, China; Hunan provincial science foundations)
Comparatorsplacebo (insulin background)
Liraglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people No change
Moderate evidence

Heavier (overweight/obese) type-1 patients did NOT get greater benefit from liraglutide: in a pooled post-hoc, effects on HbA1c, weight and insulin did not differ by...

Dejgaard TF, von Scholten BJ, Christiansen E, et al. Efficacy and safety of liraglutide i... Source
Full findingHeavier (overweight/obese) type-1 patients did NOT get greater benefit from liraglutide: in a pooled post-hoc, effects on HbA1c, weight and insulin did not differ by baseline BMI - the 'double diabetes' rationale for targeting obese T1D is not supported by this subgroup.
PopulationPooled ADJUNCT ONE/TWO post-hoc subgroup analysis (Dejgaard et al., 2021; PMC9292057).
Fundingindustry+academic (Novo Nordisk sponsor; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen)
Comparatorsplacebo (insulin background)
GLP-1-based therapies, multi-agent STATUS UNKNOWN
Specific groups of people Not directional
High evidence

No GLP-1 receptor agonist is approved for type-1 diabetes - every use is off-label, consistent with the pivotal-trial investigators concluding the safety signals limit...

Mathieu C, Zinman B, Hemmingsson JU, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide Added to I... Source
Full findingNo GLP-1 receptor agonist is approved for type-1 diabetes - every use is off-label, consistent with the pivotal-trial investigators concluding the safety signals limit clinical use. This is inferred from the trial conclusions, not a primary regulator document.
PopulationLiraglutide pivotal T1D RCTs (Mathieu ADJUNCT ONE; Ahren ADJUNCT TWO); regulatory-status inferred, not primary-sourced this pass.
Fundingindustry - Novo Nordisk (sponsor; NCT01836523)
Comparatorsplacebo (insulin background)
Liraglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Decrease
Moderate evidence

A pooled post-hoc of the two pivotal trials shows the placebo-adjusted HbA1c reduction peaked near -0.30/-0.35% at week 26 then waned by week 52 - so the larger...

Dejgaard TF, von Scholten BJ, Christiansen E, et al. Efficacy and safety of liraglutide i... Source
Full findingA pooled post-hoc of the two pivotal trials shows the placebo-adjusted HbA1c reduction peaked near -0.30/-0.35% at week 26 then waned by week 52 - so the larger week-26 figure should not be headlined over the smaller 52-week primary endpoint.
PopulationPooled ADJUNCT ONE/TWO post-hoc analysis (Dejgaard et al., 2021; PMC9292057).
Fundingindustry+academic (Novo Nordisk sponsor; Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen)
Comparatorsplacebo (insulin background)
Liraglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Decrease
High evidence

In the two pivotal double-blind RCTs, liraglutide added to insulin in type-1 diabetes produced a small, dose-dependent placebo-adjusted HbA1c reduction (about -0.2% at...

Mathieu C, Zinman B, Hemmingsson JU, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide Added to I... Source
Full findingIn the two pivotal double-blind RCTs, liraglutide added to insulin in type-1 diabetes produced a small, dose-dependent placebo-adjusted HbA1c reduction (about -0.2% at the top dose over 52 weeks), significant only at the higher doses - a modest glycaemic benefit.
PopulationLiraglutide pivotal double-blind T1D RCTs (Mathieu et al., ADJUNCT ONE, 52wk, n=1,398, 3:1, NCT01836523; corroborated by Ahren et al., ADJUNCT TWO, 26wk, n=835, NCT02098395).
Fundingindustry - Novo Nordisk (sponsor; NCT01836523)
Comparatorsplacebo (insulin background)
Liraglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Decrease
High evidence

Liraglutide added to insulin in type-1 diabetes produced significant weight loss at every dose (about -5kg at the top dose) and a modest reduction in total insulin...

Mathieu C, Zinman B, Hemmingsson JU, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide Added to I... Source
Full findingLiraglutide added to insulin in type-1 diabetes produced significant weight loss at every dose (about -5kg at the top dose) and a modest reduction in total insulin requirement - the metabolic benefits beyond glycaemia.
PopulationLiraglutide pivotal double-blind T1D RCTs (Mathieu ADJUNCT ONE, NCT01836523; Ahren ADJUNCT TWO, NCT02098395).
Fundingindustry - Novo Nordisk (sponsor; NCT01836523)
Comparatorsplacebo (insulin background)
Retatrutide INVESTIGATIONAL
Specific groups of people Not directional
Moderate evidence

EXPLICIT ABSENCE: there is no retatrutide data in type-1 diabetes of any kind. Unlike liraglutide (two pivotal RCTs) and tirzepatide (one phase-2 trial), retatrutide...

Jastreboff AM et al. (retatrutide phase 2), NEJM, 2023;389:514-526 Source
Full findingEXPLICIT ABSENCE: there is no retatrutide data in type-1 diabetes of any kind. Unlike liraglutide (two pivotal RCTs) and tirzepatide (one phase-2 trial), retatrutide has not been studied as an insulin adjunct in T1D - a complete void, not a measured-null.
PopulationRetatrutide evidence base reviewed for any type-1-diabetes indication (pinned to the phase-2 obesity trial, Jastreboff et al., NCT04881760, as the reviewed-for-indication anchor) - none present.
Fundingindustry-Eli Lilly
Comparatorsplacebo
Semaglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Not directional
High evidence

The EU SmPC states semaglutide should not be used during breast-feeding.

Ozempic (semaglutide) EU Summary of Product Characteristics (EMA) Source
PopulationRegulatory label / SmPC (primary document)
Fundingregulatory agency (FDA/EMA/MHRA/WHO)
Semaglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Not directional
High evidence

US labelling states there are no data on the presence of semaglutide in human milk; in lactating rats it was detected in milk at 3-12-fold lower levels than maternal...

Wegovy (semaglutide) US Prescribing Information, Novo Nordisk Source
Full findingUS labelling states there are no data on the presence of semaglutide in human milk; in lactating rats it was detected in milk at 3-12-fold lower levels than maternal plasma, and advises weighing breastfeeding benefits against clinical need.
PopulationRegulatory label / SmPC (primary document)
Fundingregulatory agency (FDA/EMA/MHRA/WHO)
Semaglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Increase
High evidence

Animal reproduction studies show embryofetal mortality, structural abnormalities and growth alterations across rat, rabbit and monkey at exposures at or below the...

Ozempic (semaglutide) US Prescribing Information, Novo Nordisk Source
Full findingAnimal reproduction studies show embryofetal mortality, structural abnormalities and growth alterations across rat, rabbit and monkey at exposures at or below the human dose; the label states human data are insufficient to establish a drug-associated risk and to discontinue when pregnancy is recognised.
PopulationRegulatory label / SmPC (primary document)
Fundingregulatory agency (FDA/EMA/MHRA/WHO)
Semaglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Not directional
High evidence

No overall difference in effectiveness was observed between older (>=65) and younger adults; greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.

Ozempic (semaglutide) US Prescribing Information, Novo Nordisk Source
PopulationRegulatory label / SmPC (primary document)
Fundingregulatory agency (FDA/EMA/MHRA/WHO)
Semaglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Not directional
High evidence

US labelling specifies no dose adjustment for hepatic impairment (no clinically relevant PK change).

Ozempic (semaglutide) US Prescribing Information, Novo Nordisk Source
PopulationRegulatory label / SmPC (primary document)
Fundingregulatory agency (FDA/EMA/MHRA/WHO)
Semaglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Not directional
High evidence

Wegovy is established in adolescents aged 12 and older with obesity; Ozempic has no established paediatric use.

Wegovy (semaglutide) US Prescribing Information, Novo Nordisk Source
PopulationRegulatory label / SmPC (primary document)
Fundingregulatory agency (FDA/EMA/MHRA/WHO)
Semaglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Not directional
High evidence

US labelling specifies no dose adjustment for renal impairment including ESRD (no clinically relevant PK change). 'No dose adjustment' is a label instruction, not a...

Ozempic (semaglutide) US Prescribing Information, Novo Nordisk Source
Full findingUS labelling specifies no dose adjustment for renal impairment including ESRD (no clinically relevant PK change). 'No dose adjustment' is a label instruction, not a measured null.
PopulationRegulatory label / SmPC (primary document)
Fundingregulatory agency (FDA/EMA/MHRA/WHO)
Semaglutide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Not directional
High evidence

US labelling advises discontinuing semaglutide at least 2 months before a planned pregnancy because of its long half-life.

Ozempic (semaglutide) US Prescribing Information, Novo Nordisk Source
PopulationRegulatory label / SmPC (primary document)
Fundingregulatory agency (FDA/EMA/MHRA/WHO)
Tirzepatide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Not directional
High evidence

The EU SmPC states tirzepatide could be considered for use during breast-feeding.

Mounjaro (tirzepatide) EU Summary of Product Characteristics (EMA) Source
PopulationRegulatory label / SmPC (primary document)
Fundingregulatory agency (FDA/EMA/MHRA/WHO)
Tirzepatide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Not directional
High evidence

A human lactation study (n=11) after a single 5 mg dose found tirzepatide largely undetectable in breast milk (cumulative <0.02% of the maternal dose); US labels make...

Zepbound (tirzepatide) US Prescribing Information, Eli Lilly Source
Full findingA human lactation study (n=11) after a single 5 mg dose found tirzepatide largely undetectable in breast milk (cumulative <0.02% of the maternal dose); US labels make no clinical-impact statement.
PopulationRegulatory label / SmPC (primary document)
Fundingregulatory agency (FDA/EMA/MHRA/WHO)
Tirzepatide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Increase
High evidence

Animal reproduction studies show malformations and growth reductions in rat and rabbit at sub-clinical exposures; the label states human data are insufficient, and for...

Mounjaro (tirzepatide) US Prescribing Information, Eli Lilly; FDA/MHRA/TGA advisories Source
Full findingAnimal reproduction studies show malformations and growth reductions in rat and rabbit at sub-clinical exposures; the label states human data are insufficient, and for weight management (Zepbound) to discontinue when pregnancy is recognised.
PopulationRegulatory label / SmPC (primary document)
Fundingregulatory agency (FDA/EMA/MHRA/WHO)
Tirzepatide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Not directional
High evidence

No overall differences in safety or efficacy were detected in elderly patients, with limited data above 75 years.

Mounjaro (tirzepatide) US Prescribing Information, Eli Lilly; FDA/MHRA/TGA advisories Source
PopulationRegulatory label / SmPC (primary document)
Fundingregulatory agency (FDA/EMA/MHRA/WHO)
Tirzepatide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Not directional
High evidence

US labelling specifies no dose adjustment for hepatic impairment (no PK change across degrees of impairment).

Mounjaro (tirzepatide) US Prescribing Information, Eli Lilly; FDA/MHRA/TGA advisories Source
PopulationRegulatory label / SmPC (primary document)
Fundingregulatory agency (FDA/EMA/MHRA/WHO)
Tirzepatide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Not directional
High evidence

Paediatric status differs by product/region: the US Mounjaro label establishes use in T2D from age 10 (with higher vomiting/abdominal pain/hypoglycaemia than adults);...

Mounjaro (tirzepatide) US Prescribing Information, Eli Lilly; FDA/MHRA/TGA advisories Source
Full findingPaediatric status differs by product/region: the US Mounjaro label establishes use in T2D from age 10 (with higher vomiting/abdominal pain/hypoglycaemia than adults); Zepbound is not established in children, and the EU has not established use under 18.
PopulationRegulatory label / SmPC (primary document)
Fundingregulatory agency (FDA/EMA/MHRA/WHO)
Tirzepatide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Not directional
High evidence

US labelling specifies no dose adjustment for renal impairment including ESRD, with advice to monitor renal function when initiating/escalating in patients with severe...

Mounjaro (tirzepatide) US Prescribing Information, Eli Lilly; FDA/MHRA/TGA advisories Source
Full findingUS labelling specifies no dose adjustment for renal impairment including ESRD, with advice to monitor renal function when initiating/escalating in patients with severe GI adverse reactions.
PopulationRegulatory label / SmPC (primary document)
Fundingregulatory agency (FDA/EMA/MHRA/WHO)
Tirzepatide MARKETED
Specific groups of people Decrease
Moderate evidence

A single small phase-2 RCT (n=24, 12 weeks) found tirzepatide added to insulin in obese type-1 diabetes produced large weight loss (-8.7kg, 8.8%), a borderline HbA1c...

Snaith JR, Frampton R, Samocha-Bonet D, Greenfield JR. Tirzepatide in Adults With Type 1 ... Source
Full findingA single small phase-2 RCT (n=24, 12 weeks) found tirzepatide added to insulin in obese type-1 diabetes produced large weight loss (-8.7kg, 8.8%), a borderline HbA1c reduction, and a 35% cut in insulin dose, with no significant adverse events - promising but very preliminary.
PopulationTirzepatide phase-2 double-blind placebo-controlled T1D RCT (Snaith et al., TIRTLE1, single-centre, 12wk, n=24 [22 completed], T1D + BMI>30, Garvan Institute; PMC12719702).
Fundingacademic/charity (Garvan Institute sponsor; Breakthrough T1D/JDRF, UNSW, Australian Diabetes Society)
Comparatorsplacebo (insulin background)